Stars

Indian Mythology. The Morning Sun

After the Sun the most important of the celestial divinities among the Plains tribes is the Morning Star (Venus). The Pawnee priest, Tahirussawichi, describes him thus:

''The Morning Star is one of the lesser powers. Life and strength and fruitfulness are with the Morning Star. We are reverent toward it. Our fathers performed sacred ceremonies in its honor. The Morning Star is like a man; he is painted red all over; that is the color of life. He is clad in leggings and a robe is wrapped about him. On his head is a soft downy eagle's feather, painted red. This feather represents the soft, light cloud that is high in the heavens, and the red is the touch of a ray of the coming sun. The soft, downy feather is the symbol of breath and life.''

This is the star for which the Pawnee watch, as the herald of the sun, in the great ritual chant to the solar god. ''The star comes from a great distance, too far away for us to see the place where it starts. At first we can hardly see it; we lose sight of it, it is so far off; then we see it again, for it is coming steadily toward us all the time. We watch it approach; it comes nearer and nearer; its light grows brighter and brighter.'' A hymn is sung to the star. ''As we sing, the Morning Star comes still nearer and now we see him standing there in the heavens, a strong man shining brighter and brighter. The soft plume in his hair moves with the breath of the new day, and the ray of the sun touches it with color. As he stands there so bright, he is bringing us strength and new life. As we look upon him he grows less bright, he is receding, going back to his dwelling place whence he came. We watch him vanishing, passing out of our sight. He has left with us the gift of life which Tirawa-atius sent him to bestow.''

Formerly the Skidi Pawnee were accustomed to sacrifice a captive virgin to the Morning Star, her body being used magically to fertilize the fields of maize. A similar association of ideas, though on the plane of mythic poetry rather than on that of barbarous rite, seems to underlie the Blackfoot legend of Po?a, '' Scarface,'' the Star Boy.

Long ago, according to this story, a maiden, Feather Woman, was sleeping in the grass beside her tipi. The Morning Star loved her, and she became with child. Thenceforth she suffered the disdain and ridicule of her tribesfolk, until one day, as she went to the river for water, she met a young man who proclaimed himself her husband, the Morning Star. ''She saw in his hair a yellow plume, and in his hand a juniper branch with a spider web hanging from one end. He was tall and straight and his hair was long and shining. His beautiful clothes were of soft-tanned skins, and from them came a fragrance of pine and sweet grass.'' Morning Star placed the feather in her hair and, giving her the juniper branch, directed her to shut her eyes; she held the upper strand of the spider's web in her hand and placed her foot on the lower, and in a moment she was transported to the sky. Morning Star led her to the lodge of his parents, the Sun and the Moon; and there she gave birth to a son, Star Boy (the planet Jupiter). The Moon, her mother-in-law, gave her a root digger, saying, ''This should be used only by pure women. You can dig all kinds of roots with it, but I warn you not to dig up the large turnip growing near the home of Spider Man.'' Curiosity eventually got the better of caution; Feather Woman, with the aid of two cranes, uprooted the forbidden turnip, and found that it covered a window in the sky looking down to the earth she had left; at sight of the camp of her tribesfolk she became sad with home-sickness, and the Sun, her husband's father, decreed that she must be banished from the sky, and be re-turned to earth. Morning Star led her to the home of Spider Man, whose web had drawn her to the sky, and, with a ''medicine-bonnet'' upon her head, and her babe, Star Boy, in her arms, she was lowered in an elk's skin to earth. Here, pining for her husband and the lost sky-land, Feather Woman soon died, having first told her story to her tribesfolk. Her son, Star Boy, grew up in poverty, and, because of a scar upon his face, was named Po?a, ''Scarface.'' When he became a young man, he loved a chieftain's daughter; but she re-fused him because of his scar. Since a medicine-woman told him that this could be removed only by the Sun-God himself, Po?a set out for the lodge of the solar deity, travelling westward to the Pacific. For three days and three nights he lay on the shore fasting and praying; on the fourth day he beheld a bright trail leading across the water, and following it he came to the lodge of the Sun. In the sky-world Po?a killed seven huge birds that had threatened the life of Morning Star, and, as a reward, the Sun not only removed the scar from Po?a's face, but also taught him the ritual of the Sun-Dance and gave him raven feathers to wear as a sign that he came from the Sun, besides a lover's flute and a song which would win the heart of the maid whom he loved. The Sun then sent him back to earth ? by way of the short path, Wolf Trail (the Milky Way) ? telling him to instruct the Black-feet in the ritual of the dance. Afterward Po?a returned to the sky with the maiden of his choice.

''Morning Star,'' said the narrator of this myth, ''was given to us as a sign to herald the coming of the Sun. . . . The `Star that stands still' (North Star) is different from other stars, because it never moves. All the other stars walk round it. It is a hole in the sky, the same hole through which So-at-sa-ki (Feather Woman) was first drawn up to the sky and then let down again to earth. It is the hole through which she gazed upon earth, after digging up the forbidden turnip. Its light is the radiance from the home of the Sun God shining through. The half circle of stars to the east (Northern Crown) is the lodge of the Spider Man, and the five bright stars just beyond (in the constellation of Hercules) are his five fingers, with which he spun the web, upon which Soatsaki was let down from the sky.''

Corona Borealis is an important constellation in the mythic lore of nearly all the tribes of the Plains. According to the Pawnee, it is a circle of chiefs who are the guardians of the mystic sign of Tirawaatius, and the Pawnee society of Raritesharu (chiefs in charge of the rites given by Tirawa) paint their faces with the blue lines representing the arc of heaven and the path of descent, and wear upon their heads the featherdown symbol of celestial life. ''The members of this society do not dance and sing; they talk quietly and try to be like the stars.''

Ursa Major and the Pleiades are other constellations conspicuous in Indian myth. The Assiniboin regard the seven stars of Ursa Major as seven youths who were driven by poverty to transform themselves, and who rose to heaven by means of a spider's web. For the Blackfeet also these stars are seven brothers who have been pursued into the heavens by a huge bear (an interesting reversal of the Eskimo story). The Mandan believed this constellation to be an ermine; some of the Sioux held it to be a bier, followed by mourners. The Pleiades, in Blackfoot legend, are the ''lost children,'' driven by poverty to take refuge in the sky.

Everywhere stars were associated with the dead. The Mandan considered them to be deceased men: when a child is born, a star descends to earth in human form; at death, it appears once more in the heavens as a star.'' A meteor was frequently regarded as a forerunner of death; and the Milky Way, as with the eastern tribes, is the path by which souls ascend into heaven.

The Milky Way
The Milky Way itself was much venerated by the Maya. They called it the World Tree, which was represented by a tall and majestic flowering tree, the Ceiba. The Milky Way was also called the Wakah Chan. Wak means ''Six'' or ''Erect''. Chan or K'an means ''Four'', ''Serpent'' or ''Sky''. The World Tree was erect when Sagittarius was well over the horizon. At this time the Milky Way rose up from the horizon and climbed overhead into the North. The star clouds that form the Milky Way were seen as the tree of life where all life came from. Near Sagittarius, the center of our galaxy, where the World Tree meets the Ecliptic was given special attention by the Maya. A major element of the World Tree include the Kawak Monster, a giant head with a kin in its forehead. This monster was also a mountain or witz monster. A sacrificial bowl on its head contains a flint blade representing sacrifice, and the Kimi glyph that represents death. The Ecliptic is sometimes represented as a bar crossing the major axis of the world tree, making a form that is similar to the Christian Cross. On top of the World Tree we find a bird that has been called, the Principal Bird deity, or Itzam Ye. There is also evidence that shows the Sun on the World Tree as it appeared to the Maya at Winter Solstice.
During the months of winter, when the so-called ''Winter'' Milky Way dominates the sky, it was called the ''White Boned Serpent.'' This part of the Milky Way passed overhead at night during the dry season. It is not brilliant like the star clouds that dominate the sky North of the equator during the months of Summer, but observers at dark locations will easily see the glow. Here the Ecliptic crosses the Milky Way again, near the constellation of Gemini which was the approximate location of the Sun during Summer Solstice. It is possible that the jaws of the White-Boned Serpent were represented by the Kawak monster head.

Stars that Pass in the Night
Japan's Cultural Heritage Reflected in the Star Lore of Orion

Stars that played a significant role in the lives of common citizens in Japan were often given the distinction of being called Yowatashi Boshi or ''passing the night stars''. This phrase was applied to prominent star groups which would appear in the East at sunset and set with the dawning sun. Orion is certainly one of the most noticeable Yowatashi Boshi in the sky. In most every culture, it is easily recognized and continues to grab the attention of children and adults throughout the long winter nights. The grouping of stars that form the constellation, most especially the three belt stars or Mitsu Boshi have played a major role in Japan's cultural heritage with the sky.

Genji and Heike
Much of the lore still passed on to children concerns specific events in the nation's history. In this regard, Orion's Betelgeuse and Rigel have special significance in many prefectures of Japan. Rigel is sometimes called Genji Boshi, and Betelgeuse is called Heike Boshi. These names refer to a particularly significant period in Japanese history and are related to the apparent colors of the two bright stars, white and red (though it may be argued that Rigel has a bit of a bluish tinge). The beginning of the Heian era (794-1192) found Japan with a new capital in Kyoto and continued exchange with China that had begun a few centuries before. However, in this era, political problems in China led to less exchange, and Japan began to enter one of its first major phases of isolation. While the emperor was the official ruler of Japan, then as so often in Japan's history, actual power began to fall more and more into the hands of powerful families.
The legendary war that brought the somewhat artistic and gentle Heian era to a close took place between the Taira (Heike) and Minamoto (Genji) families. The colors of Taira were red, and the colors of the Minamoto family were white. Ultimately the Minamoto (Rigel) family won the war and moved the capital to Kamakura, ushering in an era of Samurai warriors and leading to centuries of little true peace. This war gave rise to many famous stories and legends that later became part of Nou drama and Kabuki plays. These two bright stars of red and white still do battle with the steepes of the belt holding them apart.

Due to the extraordinary bravery and loyalty exhibited by many members of both sides of this conflict, the colors of red and white came to have special significance that is still seen in present day Japan, most notable of course in the colors of the Japanese flag itself. Symbolizing duty, sacrifice, and loyalty, Rigel and Betelgeuse still are seen as reminders of these basic Japanese values. Thus, it may be quite appropriate that the bright stars of Betelgeuse and Rigel shine as emblems for the heritage of Heike and Genji.

The Greek name for constellations, was katasterismoi. Of these the twelve signs whose risings intersected the sun's at dawn were known as the zodiakos ( zodiac) or zodiakos kyrklos (circle of little animals). The constellations, as they were described in Greek mythology, were mostly god-favoured (or cursed) heroes and beasts who received a place in the heavens in memorial of their deeds. They were regarded, as semi-divine spirits, living, concious entities who strode across the heavens.

The main source for Greek star myths were the lost works of Hesiod and Pherecydes, and the later works of Pseudo-Eratosthenes, Aratus and Hyginus.
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ATLAS & HEAVEN

REVOLUTIONS OF THE CONSTELLATIONS
For those unfamiliar with the basic visible mechanics of constellar movement, here is a brief outline, including Greek beliefs regarding the behaviour of the stars.

The constellations revolve round a central point in the northern sky known as the pole star, or heavenly axis (Greek polos). Because of its far northern location, most of the stars are seen to rise in the east and set in the west. Only those few closest to the pole - namely, Ursa Major and Minor (the Bears), and Draco (the Dragon) - appear to travel at night in an eternal circle around the pole.

Not all of the constellations are visible in the night sky throughout the year. The first appearance of a constellation in the sky, occurs on the western horizon just prior to dawn (its so-called heliacal rising). As the months progress it is seen to rise earlier and earlier in the night, and gradually assumes a higher position in the heavens prior to dawn, until one evening, it has reached the western horizon, before dissappearing completely from view (which is known as the constellation's astronomical setting).

The most important of the heliacal risings were those of the twelve constellations of the zodiac. They were said to rule the heavens for the period in which their position on the eastern horizon prior to dawn was replaced by the rising sun. So, for example, Gemini first rises above the eastern horizon in late May, appearing in the sky just prior to dawn, where its position is immediately replaced by the rising sun. As the constellation gradually rises earlier and earlier in the night, its place on the solar horizon at dawn is eventually replaced by the next constellation of the zodiac, namely Cancer, in mid June.

The Greeks imagined the heavens as a great, solid dome, which, some say, was forged of bronze, and upon which the heavenly constellations were fixed. The Titan Atlas, who stood either beneath the axis of heaven in the far north (in the land of the Hyperboreans), or at heaven's western rim in by the Atlas mountains in North Africa, was said to spin the dome around upon his shoulders, causing the stars to rise and set.


AION & ZODIAC

Part of the heavenly dome always lay beneath the horizon. Here the constellations were apparently believed to dwell deep beneath the earth in the misty pit of Tartaros, or else within the lands of the dead. When they rose up into the heavens, the constellations were first bathed in the purifying waters of the great earth-encircling river Okeano. Various myths describe the birth and death of the semi-immortal constellations: such as the Gemini twins, or Dioskouroi, who were said to divide their time equally between Heaven and Haides. Orion was also described by Homer both striding across the heavens and hunting wild beasts in the underworld.

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IMAGES OF THE CONSTELLATIONS
There are very few surviving depictions of the constellations in classical art: at most, a few Roman mosaics, and a partial depiction on the famous Farnese statue of the Titan Atlas.



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* The form and arrangment of the heavenly constellations was adopted by the Greeks from the sea-trading Phoenicians of the East, who in turn had received them from the Assyrians, and they from their forefathers the ancient Sumerians. As a result the Greeks had a number of alternate myths describing each of the star groups, as the foreign traditions were translated in different ways by the various regions and poetical traditions of ancient Greece.



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CONSTELLATIONS & THE ADVENTURES OF HERACLES
Heracles, ''glory of the air,'' had his labours represented amongst the stars of heaven. The formula was evidently adopted from eastern sources, in particular the star myths of the so-called ''Phoenician Heracles,'' the hero-god of Lebanon, Melqart. A number of his labours, although missing from the late Greek constellar arrangements, are perhaps recognisable in their older Eastern forms.

The adventures of Heracles can be paired with the following constellations : (1) the Nemean Lion, constellation Leo ; (2) the Hydra and Crab, constellations Hydra and Cancer ; (3) the Stymphalian Birds, constellations Lyra and Cygnus ; (4) the Cretan Bull, constellation Taurus ; (5) the Hesperian Dragon, constellation Serpens ; (6) Herakles wrestling Apollon, constellation Gemini ; (7) Prometheus and the Caucasian Eagle, constellations Hercules and Aquilla ; (8) the centaur Cheiron or Pholus, constellation Saggitarius or Centaurus ; et. al.

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ANDROMEDA

ANDROMEDA, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Andromeda
Greek : Andromed?
Sumerian : LU.LIM (the Stag)
Akkadian : Lulimu (the Stag)

ANDROMEDA A Princess of Ethiopia, daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopea. Her mother offended the gods by boasting that the girl was more beautiful than the Nereids. Poseidon in wrath sent a sea-monster to devour the girl. When she was chained to the rocks, the hero Perseus spied her, slew the beast, and carried her off as his wife. The gods as a memorial, set the whole family amongst the stars as constellations.
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AQUARIUS

AQUARIUS, ZODIAC CONSTELLATION
Latin : Aquarius (Water Bearer)
Greek : Hydrokhoos (Water-Bearer)
Sumerian : GU.LA (the Great)

GANYMEDES A handsome Trojan prince. He was seized and carried off to heaven by an eagle sent down by Zeus, to become the cup-bearer of the gods. The eagle and boy were subsequently placed amongst the stars as the constellations Aquila and Aquarius.

DEUCALION An early Greek king who managed to survive the great Deluge that was sent by Zeus to destroy mankind. Because so much rain fell during his reign he was represented amongst the stars as the Water-Pourer.

CECROPS An early king of Athens who was the first to pour libations in honour of the gods. In memory of this he was placed in the heavens as the water-pourer Aquarius.
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AQUILA

AQUILA, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Aquila (the Eagle)
Greek : Ai?tos (the Eagle)
Akkadian : Er? (the Eagle)
Sumerian : ?.MUSHEN (the Eagle)

EAGLE APHRODITE When Zeus wished to seduce the goddess Nemesis, he transformed himself into a swan, and bade Aphrodite pursue him into her lap in the guise of an eagle. In this way he accomplished his seduction and in memorial placed an eagle and swan amongst the stars.

EAGLE OF PROMETHEUS An eagle which was set by Zeus feed on the liver of the chained Titan Prometheus. When Heracles freed him from his chains, he slew the eagle with an arrow, and Zeus placed the pair amongst the stars as Aquila (eagle) and Sagitta (arrow).

EAGLE OF ZEUS 1 The eagle which Zeus sent to snatch the handsome Trojan youth Ganymedes up to heaven. The boy and eagle were placed amongst the stars as the adjacent constellations Aquarius and Aquila.

EAGLE OF ZEUS 2 An eagle which appeared to Zeus as a sign of good omen when he was sacrificing on an altar prior to the commencement of his war against the Titans. To commemorate the event he placed the eagle and altar amongst the stars as the constellations Aquila and Ara.

EAGLE OF ZEUS 3 When Hermes was wooing the goddess Aphrodite she spurned his advances. Zeus, pitying his son, sent an eagle which snatched away her sandal and delivered it the god, which he used to barter for her favours. The eagle was rewarded with a place amonst the stars.

MEROPES A King of Cos whose wife was killed by Artemis for spurning her worship. When he was about to commit suicide in his grief, Hera transformed Meropes into an eagle and placed him amongst the stars in the form of Aquila.
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ARA, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Ara (the Altar)
Greek : Thyt?rios (the Altar)

ALTAR OF ZEUS When Zeus had gathered allies for the Titan War, they made sacrifices on an atlar constructed by the Cyclopes to pledge their alliegance. In memorial the god placed it amongst the stars as the constellation Ara. The rising of its stars heralded the storms of late autumn.

ALTAR OF PHOLUS The kindly centaur Pholus was set amongst the stars by Zeus for his skill in augury. He was depicted pouring libations at the atlar in the form of the three constellations Ara (the Altar), Crater (the Cup), and Centaurus (the Centaur).

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ARGO

ARGO, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Argo
Greek : Arg? (the Silver (Ship)

ARGO The ship of the hero Argonauts which was constructed by Argus and Athena, with a talking beam placed on its prow. After their voyage in search of the Golden Fleece, the ship was placed amongst the stars in memorial as the constellation Argo. Only half of the ship can be seen in the stars, the forepart from stern to mast.

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ARIES

ARIES, ZODIAC CONSTELLATION
Latin : Aries (the Ram)
Greek : Krios (the Ram)
Akkadian : Argu (the Hired Man)
Sumerian : L?.HUN.G? (the Hired Man)

CHRYSOMALLUS A flying, golden-fleeced ram. It was sent by the cloud nymph Nephele to rescue her children, Phrixus and Helle, who were about to be sacrificed to the gods. The ram carried them across the seas, but Helle lost her grip and fell. Upon reaching Colchis the ram shed its golden fleece for Phrixus who hung it in a sacred grove, and flew up to the heavens to take a place amongst the stars as the dimly shining constellation Aries.

RAM OF AMMON 1 When the god Dionysus led his armies into Africa and they were suffering in the desert, a ram appeared and guided him to the springs of Ammon. As a memorial the god set the creature amongst the stars as the constellation Aries, first of the twelve signs of the zodiac.

RAM OF AMMON 2 An Egyptian (god) named Hammon was the first to herd flocks of sheep. To honour his gift to mankind, a ram was set amongst the stars.

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AURIGA

AURIGA, CONSTELLATIONS
Latin : Auriga (the Charioteer)
Greek : H?niokhos (the Charioteer)
Akkadian : Gamlu (the Crook)
Sumerian : G?M (the Crook)

Latin : Capra (the Goat)
Greek : Aix Olenios (the Goat on the Left)

ERICHTHONIUS An early King of Athens who invented the four-horse chariot. As a reward for his gift to mankind Athena placed him amongst the stars as the constellation Auriga.

MYRTILUS The charioteer of King Oinomaos of Pisa, and a son of the god Hermes. When he was murdered by Pelops, his father set him in the heavens as the constellation Auriga.

ORSILOCHUS An Argive man who in local legend was the inventor of the chariot. The gods placed him amongst the stars as Auriga in memorial.

AEX OF HELIUS A goatish daughter of Helius the sun, who was hidden away in a cave by the Titan gods because of her fearsome face. When Zeus sought to overthrow these same Titans he was told by an oracle to make a goat-skin cape, and so he slew Aex and crafted the aegis. He then placed Aex among the stars as Capra.

AEX OF PAN The goatish wife of the god Pan. Zeus coupled with her and she bore the god Aegipan. Because Zeus was fond of both he placed the pair amongst the stars as the constellations Capra and Capricorn.

AMALTHEA & THE KIDS A she-goat which nursed the infant Zeus with milk on the Cretan Mount Ida. As a reward for its service the god placed the goat and its two kids amongst the stars about the constellation Auriga: Capra the goat sitting on his left shoulder, and the Kids in his left hand.
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BOOTES

BOOTES, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Bootes
Greek : Bo?tes (the Wagon-Driver) or Arktophylax (the Bear-Watcher)
Akkadian : Niru (the Yoke)
Sumerian : SHUDUN (the Yoke)

ARCAS An early king of Arkadia. When he was about to kill his mother Callisto who had been transformed into a bear, Zeus raised the pair to heavens as the constellations Arctophylax (the Bear-Watcher) andUrsa (the Bear).

BOOTES The inventor of the wagon or plough, a son of the goddess Demeter. As a reward for this service to mankind he was placed amongst the stars as the constellation Bootes. His oxen and plough were set alongside him as the Wain, i.e., the constellations Ursa Major and Minor.

ICARIUS An Athenian devotee of Dionysus. He was instructed by the god in the art of winemaking, but was murdered by peasants who mistook the draught for poison. Dionysus then placed him, his daughter Erigone and their dog Maira, amongst the stars as the constellations Bootes, Virgo and Canis Major.
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CANCER

CANCER, ZODIAC CONSTELLATION
Latin : Cancer (the Crab)
Greek : Karkinos (the Crab)
Akkadian : Alluttu (the Crab)
Sumerian : AL.LUL (the Crab)

Latin : Aselli (the Asses)
Greek : Oinoi (the Asses)

CARCINUS A crab of the Lernaean swamp which assisted the Hydra in her battle with Heracles. The hero crushed it beneath his heel, and also despatched the serpent, but as a reward for their service Hera placed the pair amongst the stars in the form of the constellations Cancer and Hydra.

ASSES OF DIONYSUS 1 The Asses were two stars set on the back of the constellation Cancer. They were a pair of donkeys who helped Dionysus cross a swamp when he was on his way to Dodona in search of a curse for the madness inflicted upon him by Hera. Upon recovering, the god awarded the pair with a place in the heavens as stars.

ASSES OF DIONYSUS 2 The two asses of Cancer were also said to have been placed there as a reward for their service in the Giant War. For when Dionysus and Silenus rode into battle upon their backs, the strange sound of their braying put the Giants into a rout.

ASS OF SILENUS The donkey mount of the old rustic god Silenus. The beast once entered into a contest with Priapus over the size of their erect members. The god won and killed the beast, but Dionysus in pity set it amongst the stars on the back of Cancer.

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CANIS MAJOR

CANIS MAJOR, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Canis (the Dog)
Greek : Ky?n (the Dog)
Latin : Sirios
Greek : Seirios or Kyon Aster (the Dog-Star)

LAELAPS A magical dog which was destined never to surrender a chase. It was first bestowed on Europa by Zeus, who passed it to her son Minos, and from him to Procris and Cephalus. The last of these set it to hunt down the Teumessian fox, which was destined never to be caught. To resolve the contrary fates of the two animals, Zeus placed them amongst the stars as the constellations Canis Major and Minor to play out the chase unresolved for eternity.

DOG OF ORION The dog of the giant hunter Orion who stands above it in the heavens. He leads it in the chase of the hare (Lepus) or the fox (Canis Minor).

MAERA The dog of Icarius, a devotee of the god Dionysus. When his master was murdered, and his mistress committed suicide, the dog threw himself down a well. All three were then placed amongst the stars as Procyon (Canis Minor), Bootes and Virgo.

SIRIUS The dog-star which crowns the head of the constellation Canis Major. Its rising in conjunction with the sun at dawn was thought to bring on the scorching heat of mid-summer. The Egyptians called it the star of Isis.
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CANIS MINOR, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Canicula (the Little Dog)
Greek : Proky?n (the Fore Dog)
Akkadian : Shelebu (the Fox)
Sumerian : KA.A (the Fox)

TEUMESSIAN FOX A monstrous fox which ravaged the Boeotian countryside. The hero Cephalus set the magical dog Laelaps to hunt it down. But because the pair had conflicting fates - one was destined never to be caught, and the other never to surrender the chase - Zeus transferred the pair to the heavens to play out their contest unresolved for all eternity.
OTHER DOGS The dogs of Icarius and Orion were sometimes identified with Canis Minor instead of the usual Canis Major.

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CAPRICORN

CAPRICORN, ZODIAC CONSTELLATION
Latin : Capricorn (the Goat Horn)
Greek : Aigoker?s (the Goat Horn)
Akkadian : Suhurmash? (the Goat-Fish)
Sumerian : SUHUR.M?SH (the Goat-Fish)

AEGIPAN 1 A goatish sea god who came to the assistance of Zeus in the War of the Titans, and filled the enemy with panic. As thanks for his help the god set him amongst the stars as the goat-fish constellation Capricorn. (Hyginus on Eratosthenes 2.28)

AEGIPAN 2 When the monster Typhon attacked Olympus, the gods fled in a body to Egypt and hid themselves away in the form of animals. The god Pan transformed himself into a goat-fish and hid dived into a river. Later after Zeus had been disabled by the giant, Aegipan recovered his stolen sinews and so restored him. For this service he was awarded with a place amongst the stars as the constellation Capricorn.

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CASSIOPEA

CASSIOPEA, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Cassiopea
Greek : Kassiepeia

CASSIOPEA A Queen of Ethiopia, mother of the lovely Andromeda. When she boasted that her daughter was more beautiful than the Nereids, Poseidon sent a sea monster to devour the girl. She was rescued by Perseus, who slew the beast. As a memorial the whole family were placed amongst the stars, but Cassiopea because of her pride, was set to hang eternally upside down on her throne.

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CENTAURUS

CENTAURUS, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Centaurus (the Centaur)
Greek : Kentauros (the Centaur)
Akkadian : Habasiranu
Sumerian : EN.TE.NA.BAR.HUM

CHIRON The wisest of the Centaurs, a son of the Titan Cronus. He once entertained Heracles, but when examining his poisonous arrows dropped one on his foot. Because of the unbearable pain of the wound, he surrendered his immortality and was placed amongst the stars as the constellation Centaurus. Others say he became Saggitarius.

PHOLUS A centaur of Mount Pholoe in Arcadia who entertained Heracles in his cave. But when he opened the wine, the smell drew the other centaurs who attacked. Heracles slew them, but Pholus examining one of the poisonous arrows let it fall on his foot and died. The gods placed him amongst the stars as the constellation Centaurus, along with his drinking cup Crater. Some say Centaurus is depicted pouring a libation at the altar, Ara.

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CEPHEUS

CEPHEUS, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Cepheus
Greek : K?pheus

CEPHEUS A King of Aethiopia and father of the lovely Andromeda. He was forced to sacrifice his daughter to a sea monster because the boasts of his wife Cassiopea offended the gods. But the hero Perseus slew the beast and rescued her. As a memorial the whole family - Cepheus, Cassiopea, Andromeda and Perseus - were placed amongst the stars.

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CETUS

CETUS, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Cetus (the Sea Monster or Whale)
Greek : K?tos (the Sea Monster or Whale)

ETHIOPIAN CETUS A sea monster which was sent by Poseidon to ravage the land of Ethiopia to punish Queen Cassiopea for her prideful boasts comparing her daughter Andromeda to the Nereids. The girl was offered up as sacrifice to the monster, but was rescued by the hero Perseus. To commemorate the event, the monster was placed amongst the stars as the constellation Cetus, along with Perseus and Andromeda.

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CORONA

CORONA, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Corona (the Crown)
Greek : Stephanos (the Crown)
Akkadian : A-nim (the Crown of Anu)
Sumerian : AGA (the Crown of Anu)

CROWN OF ARIADNE The crown of the Cretan princess Ariadne. She received from the gods as a wedding gift upon her marriage to the god Dionysus. After her death it was set amongst the stars as the constellation Corona. (Hyginus 2.5)

CROWN OF DIONYSUS The crown of the god of wine. He received it as a gift from Aphrodite and after his return from the underworld with his mother Semele he set it amongst the stars in memorial of the event. (Hyginus 2.5 on the Argolica)

CROWN OF THESEUS The crown of the Athenian hero Theseus which he received from the goddess Amphitrite as a mark of his divine paternity. He in turn gave it to Ariadne as reward for the assistance she provided him in navigating the passages of the Labyrinth. At her death it was placed amongst the stars.

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CORVUS

CORVUS, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Corvus (the Crow)
Greek : Koronis (the Crow) or Korakos (the Raven)
Akkadian : Aribu (the Raven)
Sumerian : UGA-MUSHEN (the Raven)

CORONIS A Thessalian girl loved by the god Apollo. But she proved unfaithful and Artemis slew her with her arrows. The god then placed Coronis (literally, ''the Crow'') amongst the stars as the constellation Corvus. Her son by Apollo was Asclepius, the constellation Ophiochus.

CROW OF APOLLO A crow which was sent by Apollo to fetch water for libations. It tarried in the task, and as punishment was placed amongst the stars as the constellation Corvus, along with the serpent Hydra, and the water-cup Crater. The serpent prevented the crow from drinking at the bowl leaving it eternally parched in the heavens.

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CRATER

CRATER, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Crater (the Drinking Cup)
Greek : Kr?t?r (the Drinking Cup)

CUP OF PHOLUS The drinking cup of the the centaur Pholos. It and its owner were placed amongst the stars as the adjacent constellations Crater and Centaurus.

CUP OF APOLLO A cup placed amongst the stars by Apollo in form of the constellation Crater, next to Corvus the crow and Hydra the serpent. The serpent was set to guard the bowl, preventing the crow from drinking.

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CYGNUS

CYGNUS, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Cygnus (the Swan)
Greek : Ornis (the Bird) or Kygnos (the Swan)

SWAN ZEUS When Zeus wanted to seduce the goddess Nemesis he transformed himself into a swan, and bade Aphrodite in the guise of an eagle pursue him into her lap. As a memorial of this successful ruse he placed an eagle and swan in the sky as the constellations Cygnus and Aquila.

DELPHINUS, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Delphinus (the Dolphin)
Greek : Delphin (the Dolphin)
Sumerian : SHAH (the Pig or Boar)
DOLPHIN OF POSEIDON When Poseidon was wooing Amphitrite, she fled his advances and hid herself away. Dolphin was sent to find her, and persuaded her to return. As a reward for this service Poseidon set him amongst the stars.
DOLPHINS OF DIONYSUS When Dionysus was travelling between the islands of the Aegean, he was captured by Tyrrhenian pirates. The god drove them to terror with his illusions and, when they leapt from the ship, he transformed them into dolphins. In memory of the event he placed a dolphin amongst the stars.
DOLPHIN OF ARION When the famed Corinthian bard Arion was thrown overboard by seamen who coveted his wealth, a dolphin came and carried him safely to shore. As memorial the kindly animal was placed amongst the stars.
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DRACO, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Draco (the Dragon)
Greek : Drak?n (the Dragon)
HESPERIAN DRAGON The huge serpent which guarded the golden apples of the Hesperides. After the beast was slain by Heracles, Hera placed it amongst the stars as Draco. (Hyginus 2.3 on Eratosthenes)
DRAGON OF ATHENA A gigantic serpent which was cast at the goddess Athena during the giant war. She caught it in her hands and set it about the northern pole as the constellation Draco.
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ERIDANUS
ERIDANUS, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Eridanus
Greek : ?ridanos or Potamos (the River)
Akkadian : Purattu (the Euphrates)
Sumerian : BURANUN (the Euphrates)
ERIDANUS A river believed to flow through the mythical northern land of Hyperborea. It was set to flow amongst the northern stars.
NILE The great river of Egypt was placed amongst the stars as the constellations Eridanus and Delta. The brightest star in its heavenly stream was named Canopus.
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GEMINI
GEMINI, ZODIAC CONSTELLATION
Latin : Gemini (the Twins)
Greek : Didymoi (the Twins)
Akkadian : Tu'amu rab?tu (the Great Twins)
Sumerian : MASH.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (the Great Twins) & MASH.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR (the Little Twins), the 4 main stars of Gemini
DIOSCURI Twin sons of Zeus, named Castor and Polydeuces. The pair were famed horsemen who were transferred to the heavens at death to form the constellation Gemini. The Dioscuri came to the rescue of sailors in distress.
HERACLES & APOLLO When Apollo commanded that Heracles be sold into slavery to atone for murder, the hero was enraged as wrestled the god for the Delphic tripod. Their match was memorialised amongst the stars as the constellation Gemini.
TRIPTOLEMUS & IASION The two favourites of the goddess Demeter. Triptolemus was a hero who first instructed mankind in the art of agriculture, while Iasion was her lover on the island of Samothrace, lying with her in a thrice-plowed field.
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HERCULES
HERCULES, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Hercules
Greek : Engonasin (the Kneeler)
Sumerian : (the Stag?)
HERACLES DRAGON-SLAYER The great hero was placed amongst the stars in the form of a kneeling man with his club poised to strike the Hesperian dragon, the constellation Draco.
HERACLES IN LIGURIA The great hero was said to have been placed amongst the stars in the shape of kneeling man, as a memorial of his desperate battle with the Ligurians, whom he encountered on his return trip to Greece with the cattle of Geryon.
IXION An Lapith king who attempted to rape the goddess Hera. As punishment for his crime he was bound to a fiery wheel and fixed in the heavens as the constellation Engonasin, a warning to others.
PROMETHEUS As punishment for his defiance of Zeus, the Titan Prometheus was chained to Mount Caucasus where an eagle set to feed on his ever-regenerating liver. Heracles later released him from his torment, felling the eagle with an arrow. In memory of this deed, Prometheus, the arrow and the eagle were placed side by side amongst the stars as the constellations Engonasin, Aquila (or Lyra the vulture) and Sagitta.
ORPHEUS A Thracian bard who was torn to pieces by the Bacchantes when they caught him spying on their secret rites. He was placed amongst the stars by Apollo and the Muses as a kneeling man with a lyre. The lyre was represented by the adjacent constellation Lyra.
THAMYRIS A bard who was blinded by the Muses as punishment for daring to challenge them to a musical contest. He was placed amongst the stars as a man bent down on one knee in supplication along with his lyre.
THESEUS The Athenian hero was set amongst the stars in the pose of a kneeling man, the constellation Ennosagin. In this way he was depicted lifting the stone at Troezen under which Aegeus had laid the sword as proof of his paternity. Some say, the adjacent constellation Lyra was his.
CETEUS A King of Arcadia who was placed amongst the stars as the constellation Kneeler. He was depicted kneeling in lamentation with a hand reached out to his daughter Megisto, the constellation Ursa Major, who had been transformed into a bear.
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HYDRA
HYDRA, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Hydra (the Water Serpent)
Greek : Hydra (the Water Serpent)
Summerian : MUSH (the Snake)
LERNAEAN HYDRA A monstrous nine-headed serpent which haunted the springs of Lerna. Heracles slew it as one of his twelve labours, along with its ally the crab. Hera placed the pair in the heavens as the constellations Hydra and Cancer.

SERPENT OF APOLLO A water-serpent was placed amongst the stars by the god Apollo in the form of the constellation Hydra, to guard the heavenly bowl Crater, preventing the crow Corvus from drinking.
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LEO
LEO, ZODIAC CONSTELLATION
Latin : Leo (the Lion)
Greek : Leon (the Lion)
Sumerian : UR.GU.LA (the Lion)
NEMEAN LION A lion whose hide was impervious to weapons which terrorized the countryside of Nemea. When Heracles was commanded to destroy it was one of his twelve labours, he throttled the beast to death with his bare hands. The lion was then placed by Hera amongst the stars as the constellation Leo.
KING LION The lion, king of all the beasts, was set amongst the stars as the constellation Leo in recognition of his supremacy.
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LEPUS
LEPUS, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Lepus (the Hare)
Greek : Largos (the Hare)
HARE OF ORION A hare which was set amongst the stars before the hunter Orion and his dog (Canis) to play out an eternal chase.
HARE OF HERMES A hare was placed amongst the stars by the god Hermes in honour of the species' bountiful fertility.
HARE OF LEROS The island of Leros was once free of hares, until a young man brought a pregnant female into the country as a pet. The fast-breeding animals quickly got out of control and devoured everything on the island, forcing the inhabitants to abandon their homes. As a warning to others, a hare was placed amongst the stars by the gods.
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LIBRA
LIBRA, ZODIAC CONSTELLATION
Latin : Libra (the Scales)
Greek : Zyygos (the Scales) or Kh?lai (the Claws)
Akkadian : Zibanitu (the Scales)
Sumerian : ZI.BA.AN.NA (the Scales)
SCALES OF JUSTICE The scales of Astraea, the goddess of justice, were placed beside her in the heavens as the constellation Libra. Astraea herself was Virgo.
SCALES OF FATE The scales of Tyche, goddess of fortune, were set amongst the stars as the constellation Libra. Tyche herself was one of the goddesses identified as Virgo.
CLAWS OF SCORPION The claws of the constellation Scorpio were sometimes said to be represented amongst the stars as Libra.
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LYRA
LYRA, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Lyra (the Lyre)
Greek : Lyr? (the Lyre) or Khelys (the Tortoise)
Akkadian : Enzu (the She-Goat)
Sumerian : ?Z (the She-Goat)
TORTOISE OF HERMES The lyre first carved by the god Hermes out of the shell of a tortoise. He traded it with Apollo for the caduceus, who set it amongst the stars as memorial.
LYRE OF ORPHEUS The lyre of the great bard Orpheus, who could charm animals, trees and rocks with his music. After he was slain by the Bacchantes, Apollo and the Muses placed his lyre amongst the stars. Some say Orpheus was himself represented nearby in the form of the constellation ''Hercules,'' the Kneeling Man.
LYRE OF THESEUS The lyre of the hero Theseus who was set in the stars as the constellation ''Heracles'' next to that of the lyre.
LYRE OF THAMYRIS A bard who was blinded by the Muses. He was placed amongst the stars as a warning along with his lyre as the constellations Ennosagin (or ''Hercules'') and Lyra.
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OPHIOCHUS
OPHIUCHUS, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Ophiuchus
Greek : Ophiokhos (the Serpent Holder)
ASCLEPIUS The great physician, a son of the god Apollo. When Asclepius dared to extend his craft by bringing back men from the dead, Zeus struck him dead with a thunderbolt. As a memorial the hero was placed amongst the stars along with the serpent which coiled around his staff.
CARNOBON A King of the Getae tribe of Thrace. When the hero Triptolemus passed through his land instructing mankind in agriculture, he set an ambush and slew one of his flying serpents. The goddess punished Carnobon and afterwards set him amongst the stars struggling eternally with a serpent as warning.
HERACLES The great hero. Heracles spent time in the service of Queen Omphale of Lydia, where he slew a gigantic serpent which was ravaging the land. As a memorial Zeus commemorated the deed amongst the stars of heaven.
PHORBAS A hero of the island of Rhodes. When the island was plagued by serpents, Phorbas destroyed them all, and as a reward for this service was placed amongst the stars by the god Apollon.
TRIOPAS A Thessalian king. In his greed he tore the roof from a temple of Demeter for his own palace. The goddess in wrath inflicted him with unquenchable hunger and sent a serpent to further plague him. When he died she set him amongst the stars to continue for eternity the struggle with the serpent.
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ORION
ORION, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Orion
Greek : ?ri?n (the Mountain Man?)
Akkadian : Shidallu (the True Shepherd of Anu)
Sumerian : SIPA.ZI.AN.NA (the True Shepherd of Anu)
ORION A giant hunter who was set amongst the stars as the constellation Orion. Some say he chased Lepus, the hare, across the heavens with his dog, the constellation Canis, others that he was in pursuit of Taurus the bull, or even chasing after the seven beautiful Pleiad nymphs. In the story of his death, Orion was either killed by Artemis or by a scorpion sent by Gaea to punish him for boasting that he would slay all the creatures of the earth. The scorpion was also placed amongst the stars and continued to plague him, for as it rose in the east, Orion fled beneath the horizon in the west.
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PEGASUS
PEGASUS, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Equus (the Horse)
Greek : Hippos (the Horse) or Pegasos
Akkadian : Sis? (the Horse)
Sumerian : ANSHE.KUR.RA (the Horse)
PEGASUS A winged horse, son of the Gorgon Medusa. It was tamed by the hero Bellerophon who rode it into battle against the three-headed monster Chimera. When he later tried to fly to heaven, he was thrown back down to earth, but the horse was received and set amongst the stars by Zeus.
MELANIPPE A daughter of the centaur Chiron. When she became pregnant by the hero Aeolus, she hid herself away in a forest in shame, and prayed that her father might not find her. The gods then transformed her into a horse, and after her child was born set her amongst the stars as a constellation. There she was said to continue to hide from her father, setting just as her father's own constellation was on the rise.
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PERSEUS
PERSEUS, CONSTELLATION
Greek : Perseus (the Destroyer)
Akkadian : Shibu (the Old Man)
Summerian : SHU.GI (the Old Man)
PERSEUS An Argive hero, the son of Zeus and Danae. When he was returning on his quest for the Gorgon's head, he spied the Ethiopian princess Andromeda chained to the rocks as sacrifice to a sea-monster. Perseus slew the beast and saved the girl. In memorial of the event Athena placed Perseus, Andromeda, Cepheus and Cassiopea (the girl's parents) and Cetus (the Sea Monster) amongst the stars.
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PISCES
PISCES, ZODIAC CONSTELLATION
Latin : Pisces (the Fishes)
Greek : Ikhthyes (the Fishes)
Akkadian : Nunu (the Fish) & Shinunutu (the Swallow)
Sumerian : KU (the Fish) & SIM.MAH (the Swallow)
FISHES OF APHRODITE When the monster Typhon attacked Olympus, the gods fled in a body to the south. Aphrodite and her son Eros reached the river Eridanus where they threw themselves in the water and hid in the guise of fish. In memory of the event a pair of fish were set amongst the stars as the constellation Pisces.
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PISCES AUSTRALIS, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Pisces Australis (the Southern Fish)
Greek : Ikhthys Notion (the Southern Fish)
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SAGGITA, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Saggita (the Arrow)
Greek : Oistos (the Arrow)
Sumerian : KAK.SI.KI (the Arrow)
ARROW OF APOLLO The arrow which Apollo used to slay the Cyclopes, to avenge the death of his son Asclepius who had been destroyed by a thunderbolt created on their forge. Both Asclepius and the arrow were placed amongst the stars, as Ophiochus and Sagitta respectively.
ARROW OF HERACLES The arrow with which Heracles slew the eagle set to torment the Titan Prometheus. The eagle and arrow were placed side by side in the heavens as the constellations Aquila and Sagitta.
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SAGGITARIUS
SAGGITARIUS, ZODIAC CONSTELLATION
Latin : Saggitarius (the Archer)
Greek : Toxeut?s (the Archer)
Sumerian : PA.BIL.SAG
CHIRON The wise centaur Chiron was placed amongst the stars as the constellation Saggitarius or Centaurus, when he surrendered his immortality after being poisoned by an arrow of Heracles.
CROTUS A horse-legged, satyr hunter who was a companion of the Muses on Mount Helicon. As a reward for his zeal he was placed amongst the stars as the constellation Saggitarius. His victory wreath was further set as a circle of stars at his feet.
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SCORPIO
SCORPIO, ZODIAC CONSTELLATION
Latin : Scorpio (the Scorpion)
Greek : Skorpios (the Scorpion)
Akkadian : Zuqaqipu (the Scorpion)
Sumerian : G?R.TAB (the Scorpion)
SCORPION OF ORION A scorpion sent forth by the earth-goddess Gaea to kill Orion when the giant boasted that he would slay all the animals of the earth. The pair were placed amongst the stars as the constellations Scorpio and Orion. The ancients sometimes combined a pair of constellations to create the the scorpion, with Libra forming the claws.
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TAURUS
TAURUS, ZODIAC CONSTELLATION
Latin : Taurus (the Bull)
Greek : Tauros (the Bull)
Sumerian : GU.AN.NA (the Bull of Heaven)
Latin : Suculae (the Suckling Pigs)
Greek : Hyades (the Rainy Ones)
Latin : Vergiliae
Greek : Pleiades (the Ladies of Plenty)
Akkadian : Zappu (the Bristle)
Sumerian : MUL.MUL (the Stars)
BULL ZEUS When the Phoenician princess Europa was playing by the sea shore, Zeus approached her in the guise of a bull and, tempting her to climb onto his back, carried her away to the island of Crete.
COW IO The Argive princess Io was loved by Zeus, who transformed her into a cow to hide her from the jealous gaze of his wife Hera. She was nevertheless recognised by the goddess who set a maddening gladfly to torment her that drive her wandering to Egypt. There Io was restored to human form and gave birth to her son Epaphos. As a memorial of her trials, Io was set amongst the stars as the constellation ''Taurus.''
HYADES Five nymphs whose stars outline the face of the bull Taurus. They were nurses of the god Dionysus who were awarded for their service with a place amongst the stars of heaven. Their rising heralded the onset of the rainy season in Greece. Some say they were teary nymphs placed in the heavens following the death of their brother Hyas, who was killed by a lion. Presumably this Hyas and the lion were represented by the constellations Aquarius and Leo.
PLEIADES Seven nymphs whose stars form the ''tail of the Bull'' Taurus. The sisters were placed amongst the stars by the god Zeus, after the lustful giant Orion had pursued them across the earth for seven years. Orion was also set in heaven, but doomed to continue a futile chase for all eternity.
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TRIANGULUM
TRIANGULUM, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Triangulum (the Triangle)
Greek : Delt?ton (the Triangle or letter D)
DIVISION OF THE COSMOS A triangle was placed amongst the stars to commemorate the division of the universe amongst the three sons of Cronus : Zeus received the heavens, Poseidon the sea, and Hades the underworld.
D FOR DIOS The Greek letter Delta (shaped like a triangle) was placed amongst the stars by Hermes to mark more clearly the faint sign of Aries. It was also placed as a memorial of his invention of the alphabet, the letter D being chosen to signify the name of Zeus (spelt Dios, Dii, in other forms).
DELTA OF EGYPT The triangle formed by the delta of the River Nile was placed amongst the stars as the constellation of the same name. Others say the triangle represented the whole of Egypt from the Nile border with Egypt down to the sea.
ISLAND OF SICILY The triangle shaped island of Sicily was represented amongst the stars as the constellation Triangulum. The reason for its placement is not known.
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URSA MAJOR
URSA MAJOR, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Ursa Major (the Great Bear)
Greek : Arktos Megale (the Great Bear) or Amaza (the Wagon) or Helik?
Akkadian : Eriqqu (the Wagon)
Sumerian : MAR.G?D.DA (the Wagon)
CALLISTO An Arcadian princess who was loved by the god Zeus and transformed into a bear by the wrathful goddess Artemis or Hera. She was later placed amongst the stars as the constellation Ursa Major, along with her son Arcas, who became Bootes. Hera was still furious and forbade Callisto's stars ever set into the river Oceanus.
HELICE A nymph who nursed the infant god Zeus on Mount Ida in Crete. As a reward for her service, she was placed amongst the stars as the constellation Ursa Major, along with her sister Cynosura as Ursa Minor.
MEGISTO An Arcadian princess, daughter of King Ceteus. She was transformed into a bear and placed amongst the stars as the constellation Ursa Major. Her father and was placed beside her in the form of the Kneeler ( ''Hercules'') apparently lamenting her fate.
WAIN OF BOOTES The ox-drawn wagon or plough of the farmer Bootes was set amongst the stars in the form of the constellation Ursa Major. Their driver stands immediately behind it in the heavens.
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URSA MINOR
URSA MINOR, CONSTELLATION
Latin : Ursa Minor (the Little Bear)
Greek : Arktos Mikra (the Little Bear) or Amaza (the Wagon) or Kynosoura (the Dog's Tail)
CYNOSURA An Idaean nymph who nursed the infant god Zeus in the Dictaeon cave of Crete. She and her sister Helice were placed amongst the stars as the constellation Ursa Minor and Major, as a reward for their service.
PHOENICE A Phoenician girl or bear who was set amongst the stars as the constellation Ursa Minor. The ancient Phoenicians navigated by her stars.
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VIRGO
VIRGO, ZODIAC CONSTELLATION
Latin : Virgo (the Virgin)
Greek : Parthenos (the Virgin)
Latin : Vindemiator (the Vintager)
Greek : Protrug?t?r (the Vintager)
ASTRAEA The maiden goddess of justice, who departed from the earth at the start of the Brazen Age of Man. She was given a place amongst the stars as the winged constellation Virgo, with her scales set nearby in the form of Libra.
TYCHE The goddess of good fortune was set amongst the stars as Virgo, along with the scales of fate, Libra.
DEMETER The goddess of agriculture was given a memorial amongst the stars in the form of the constellation Virgo, which some say holds a sheaf of wheat in its hand.
ERIGONE An Athenian maiden, the daughter of Icarius, the man who Dionysus first instructed in the making of wine. When her father was killed by peasants who mistook thought the wine was poison, she committed suicide by hanging herself from a tree. Dionysus afterwards placed the pair amongst the stars as the constellations Virgo and Bootes. Their dog Maera was set nearby as Canis Major.
PARTHENOS A maiden daughter of Apollon who died young and was set amongst the stars by her father as the constellation Virgo.
THE VINTAGER A star on the right wing of the constellation Virgo.
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THE MILKY WAY
Latin : (Milky Way)
Greek : Gala (Milky Way)
MILK OF HERA Zeus once conspired to place the infant Heracles at the breast of Hera. The goddess woke from her sleep, because of the roughness of the child, and pushed him away in disgust. The milk which flowed forth formed the Milky Way.
MILK OF RHEA When the Titaness Rhea presented a stone wrapped in swaddling cloth to Cronus as substitute for the infant Zeus, the Titan pressed it against her breast and milk flowed forth which flowed formed the Milky Way.

The ?Star of David? ?
Is It Pagan?
What is the origin of the ?Star of David?? Was it really the ancient
symbol on David?s shield? Did it originate with king Solomon?
What is the meaning of two interlaced triangles, one pointed upward
and one pointed down? Where did this ancient symbol REALLY
originate? Why does this symbol figure so prominently in the modern
nation of Israel, today? You may be totally shocked at the explosive,
provocative answers to these questions!
William F. Dankenbring
A Jewish Orthodox internet website tells us: ?The Magen David (shield of David, or as it
is more commonly known, the Star of David) is the symbol most commonly associated with
Judaism today, but it is actually a relatively new Jewish symbol. It is supposed to represent the
shape of King David?s shield (or perhaps the emblem on it), but there is really no support for
that claim in any early rabbinic literature. In fact, the symbol is so rare in early Jewish literature
and artwork that art dealers suspect forgery if they find the symbol in early works.
?Scholars such as Franz Rosenzweig have attributed deep theological significance to the
symbol. For example, some note that the top triangle strives upward, toward G-d, while the
lower triangle strives downward, toward the real world. Some note that the intertwining makes
the triangles inseparable, like the Jewish people. Some say that the three sides represent the
three types of Jews: Kohanin, Levites and Israel. Some note that there are actually 12 sides (3
exterior and 3 interior on each triangle), representing the 12 tribes. While these theories are
theologically interesting, they have little basis in historical fact.?
The site continues: ?The symbol of intertwined equilateral triangles is a common one in
the Middle East and North Africa, and is thought to bring good luck. It appears occasionally in
early Jewish artwork, but never as an exclusively Jewish symbol. The nearest thing to an
?official? Jewish symbol at the time was the seven-branched ?menorah.?
In the 17th century, it became a popular practice to put Magen Davids on the outside of
Jewish synagogues to identify them as Jewish houses of worship in much the same way that a
cross identified a Christian house of worship.
The so-called ?Star of David? gained popularity as a symbol of Judaism when it was
adopted as the emblem of the Zionist movement in 1897, but the symbol continued to be very
controversial for many years. When the modern state of Israel was founded in 1948, there was
much debate over whether this symbol should be used on the flag.
2
Today, of course, the ?Star of David? is a universally recognized symbol of Jewry. It
appears on the flag of the state of Israel. Its real origins, however, are not so pure.
The Hexagram
The so-called ?Star of David? is essentially a ?hexagram,? nothing more, nothing less.
There is no Biblical or Jewish evidence that traces this ancient occult symbol with king David of
Israel. However, there is evidence that it was used by king Solomon, after he turned to pagan
gods and the occult, late in his life, causing God to become very angry with him .
A Masonic book called The Second Mile, an Eastern Star book, reveals that the ?six
pointed star is a very ancient symbol, and one of the most powerful.? The hexagram is used in
magic, witchcraft, sorcery and occultism and the casting of zodiacal horoscopes by astrologers.
?It was considered to posses mysterious powers,? says A Concise Cyclopaedia of Freemasonry.
The six pointed star is used as a ?stand-by for magicians and alchemists. The sorcerers
believed it represented the footprints of a special kind of DEMON called a trud and used it in
ceremonies both to call up demons and to keep them away? (O. J. Graham, The Six Pointed Star,
New Puritan Library, 1988, p.35).
Says Masonic and Occult Symbols Illustrated, by Dr. Cathy Burns, ?The Hexagram is
formed by united the Water Triangle with the Fire Triangle, which is the Six-pointed Sart, Star of
David, Solomon?s Seal, etc. When the two triangles (the ?Water Triangle? and the ?Fire
Triangle?) are joined together into one symbol, it forms a six pointed star known as a double
triangle, hexagram, Crest of Solomon, star of the microcosm and the Shield of David, among
other names. It is even called the ?talisman of Saturn?? (p.38).
Occultists use it as a ?stand-by for magicians and alchemists. The sorcerers believed it
represented the footprint of a special kind of DEMON called a trud and used it for ceremonies
both to call up demons and to keep them away? (ibid.).
Bill Schnoebelen, a former Satanist, tells us, ?To the sorcerer, the hexagram is a powerful
tool to invoke Satan.? In fact, the word ?hex? -- as to put a ?hex? or ?curse? on people -- comes
from this word.
The hexagram also has a sexual connotation. It represents sexual union. The triangle
pointed downward is a female symbol and the triangle pointed upward is the male symbol; when
they are interlaced it represents coitus, or sexual union of the active and passive forces in nature.
A former witch reveals, ?When the male triangle penetrates the female triangle it produced the
six pointed crest of Solomon or hexagram, the most wicked symbol in witchcraft? (Burns, ibid.,
p.39).
In fact, the hexagram was also used by the ancient Hindus in the worship of their divine
?Trinity? ? Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva ? as the ?unity? of three gods in one. J. S. M. Ward adds
that it is ?strictly the sign of Trimurti, the Three in One, typifying the creative, preservative and
destructive natures of the Deity.?
3
If you examine the so-called ?Star of David,? or hexagram, closely, you will discover
something astonishing. It has six points, forms six equilateral triangles, and in its interior forms a
six sided hexagon -- thus it reveals the number of Satan the devil, or the beast of Revelation --
66, and 6 -- 666 !!!
An Occult Sex Symbol
A Masonic author declares that the triangles that make up the hexagram ?are symbolic of
good and evil, day and night, the Chinese yang and yin, etc.? In the Masonic system, we have
the interlaced triangles, one black and one white, the white triangle with its point up, the black
triangle with its point down. It represents the male and female elements. The interlaced black
and white triangles picture darkness and light, good and evil, error and truth, ignorance and
wisdom, and supposedly balance and harmony.
In The Gods of India, by Alain Danielou, we read:
?The triangle with its apex upward is also taken to represent fire,
identified with the male principle, the linga or phallus, symbol
of Siva the Progenitor or of the Cosmic Person . . .
?The triangle pointed downward represents the force of inertia
which pulls downward, and tends to suppress activity. It is
associated with the element of water, which always tends to
come down, to equalize its level. It is the passive aspect of creation
and thus is represented by the yoni or female organ, the emblem
of Energy or CosmicNature? (quoted by Dr.Burns, p.35).
We see that this ancient occult figure of the hexagram, or Seal of Solomon, or Star of
David ? as it is also called -- is nothing more than a repulsive pagan symbol of sexual union and
reproduction. The triangle pointing downward represents the female sexual organ, the vagina,
and the upward pointing triangle represents the male penis. Joined together in the hexagram,
they represent the act of sexual intercourse. Thus the hexagram was a part of Satan?s original
?sex worship? rites and symbols of ancient BAALISM ? the sensuous religion of Nimrod and
Semiramis ? which began just this side of the Flood!
In the book The Gods of India, by Alain Danielou, we also discover: ?The two
complimentary principles, the linga and the yoni, are graphically represented by the fiery triangle
with upward apex and the watery triangle with downward apex. When the triangles penetrate
each other to form the hexagon, this is taken to show the state of manifestation. When they part,
the universe dissolves? (p.219).
Archaeologist E.A. Wallace Budge, an authority on ancient Egyptian mythology, relates:
?Those who believed in the physical significance of the Hexagram taught that communication
between the living and the dead was possible, and adopted the dogma of reincarnation ? (Amulets
and Superstition, p.432).
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How did this ancient symbol of the occult, and Satan the devil, find its way into Judaism,
and become the major symbol today of the Jewish people, adorning the Israeli flag? That is an
interesting question, indeed! As God says in His Word, Satan the Devil is ?that ancient serpent,
who is called the Devil and Satan, the deceiver of the WHOLE WORLD? (Revelation 12:9,
NRSV). That means virtually everybody ? every nation ? every religion ? the WHOLE WORLD!
The Christians have their ?cross? ? also an ancient pagan symbol of sex worship. And
the Jewish people have the Seal of Solomon or hexagram ? another ancient pagan sex symbol!
See our article, ?The Mystery of the Cross.?
When did the hexagram become a symbol of the Jewish people?
Egyptian Origin
The first martyr of the Christian church, Stephen, in his defense before the Sanhedrin,
warned the Jewish nation, as he reviewed the history of Israel: ?Then God turned and gave them
p to worship the host of heaven, as it is written in the books of the Prophets: Did you offer Me
slaughtered animals and sacrifices during forty years in the wilderness, O house of Israel? You
also took up the tabernacle of Moloch, and THE STAR of your god Remphan, IMAGES which
you made to WORSHIP? (Acts 7:42-43). Notice! This pagan worship was derived from
EGYPT, and even when Israel left Egypt under Moses, some of them brought the Egyptian
pagan idols and images with them, secretly!
God?s Word warns us, in the prophecy of Amos: ?You also carried Sikkuth your king
[tabernacle of Moloch] and Chiun, your idols, the STAR of your gods, which you made for
yourselves? (Amos 5:26). This star was very likely the SIX-POINTED STAR -- the star
associated with sexual depravity, reproductivity, and whoring ? already used in ancient Egypt! --
the Hexagram!
How did this figure become popular in Israel? Solomon, after he became king of Israel,
?made a treaty with PHARAOH king of Egypt, and married Pharaoh's daughter; then he
brought her to the city of David until he had finished building his own house? (I Kings 3:1). The
influence of the daughter of Pharaoh, king of Egypt, was no doubt considerable -- the foremost
and chiefest of all his wives.
Solomon who loved the Lord in the beginning of his reign, turned away from the true
path of worship as he grew older. The Scriptures tell us, ?But King Solomon loved many foreign
women, as well as the daughter of Pharaoh: women of the Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites,
Sidonians, and Hittites -- from the nations of whom the LORD had said, ?You shall not
intermarry with them, nor they with you. Surely they will turn away your hearts after THEIR
GODS.? Solomon clave to these in love? (I Kings 11:1-2).
?For it was so when Solomon was old, that his wives turned his heart after other gods;
and his heart was not loyal to the LORD his God, as was the heart of his father David? (v.4).
Solomon worshipped, among other gods, Ashtoreth (Easter, Venus, Aprhodite), Milcom or
5
Molech, the fiery king of gods whose rites included human sacrifice and witchcraft and sexual
orgies, and Chemosh (see verses 5-7). Solomon built high places, temples, and altars, for these
pagan abominations, ?And he did likewise for all his foreign wives, who burned incense and
sacrificed to their gods? (v.8).
It would appear that king Solomon adopted the Hexagram, which became known as
?Solomon?s Seal.? When he went astray from God?s path of truth, and began to consort with
evil forces, he became a powerful wizard, or consulter of demons and the occult powers of
darkness. Thus it would appear that Solomon made the hexagram a prominent symbol in ancient
Israel. He adopted it from the pagan nations around him.
There is no evidence to connect the hexagram with David, his father. There is no reason
to believe that David, a man after God?s own heart, would ever adopt a pagan symbol for his
?shield.? But Satan the devil, the chief of liars and deceivers, would certainly love to have you
think so! (Rev.12:9; John 8:44).
However, since the Seal evidently was used in Israel since the time of Solomon, it would
not be strange if it was found associated with kings of Israel in later times. James Trimm makes
such an assertion saying a bas relief from the time of king Jehu of Israel shows a ?Star of David?
symbol over the prostrate Israelite king as he pays homage to the Assyrian conqueror. It is found
in the book Kings and Pharoahs by David Rohl. He got the title reversed.
I found the illustration he mentioned in Pharaohs and Kings: A Biblical Quest, by David
M. Rohl (Crown Publishers, New York, 1995). It is on page 33. It is a panel from the Black
Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, showing either Jehu or his representative bowing and scraping
before the Assyrian king. The so-called ?Star of David? high on the wall behind the bowing
figure, however, is hardly convincing. It is nothing like two intersecting, interlaced triangles at
all. It looks more like a wheel with six spokes ? much like a chariot wheel (or even the nautical
?wheel? used to steer a ship or boat). This picture hardly proves the Star of David was the seal
of state of ancient Israel. If this is supposed to be proof in the eyes of James Trimm that justifies
the use of the Star of David, then I shudder to consider what some people consider ?proof? of
anything.
Jehu, of course, was definitely not a righteous king of Israel. He himself went astray
from the paths of God and departed from His commands. Jehu started out with great zeal, and
slew the house of Ahab, and even Jezebel, and destroyed the temple of Baal, making it a latrine
(II Kings 10:27), ?But Jehu did not turn aside from the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat, which he
caused Israel to commit ? the golden calves that were in Bethel and Dan? (verse 28). We read,
?But Jehu was not careful to follow the law of the LORD the God of Israel with all his heart; he
did not turn from the sins of Jeroboam which he caused Israel to commit. In those days the
LORD began to trim off parts of Israel? (II Kings 10:31, NRSV).
Modern Israel
Why and how did the six-pointed star -- the pagan occult symbol -- become connected
with the MODERN state of Israel? It was adopted as the family crest or shield by the Rothschild
6
family during the 19th century. The Rothschilds bought a great deal of property in Israel, from
the Turks and Arabs, and were amongst the major supporters of the Zionist movement in the
early decades. The influence of the Rothschilds and their heavy financial support of Israel, led
the Jewish nation to adopt the so-called ?Star of David? as their own symbol as a nation.
How amazing it is! When we look at all the evidence, truly Satan the devil has deceived
the whole world ? all mankind ? both Jews and Gentiles. The Christians, so-called, adore the
cross, which is an ancient pagan fertility symbol. And likewise, the Jews cherish the Star of
David or Seal of Solomon ? the hexagram ? which is another powerful occult sex symbol!
What Does GOD Say?
What should God?s people do about these things? The prophet Jeremiah states, ?Do not
learn the way of the nations . . . For the customs of the peoples are FALSE? (Jer.10:1-3, NRSV).
Moses wrote: ?You must demolish completely all the places where the nations whom
you are about to dispossess served their gods [and their symbols] . . . Break down their altars,
smash their pillars, burn their sacred poles with fire, and hew down the idols of their gods, and
thus blot out their name from their places. You shall not worship the LORD your God in such
ways? (Deuteronomy 12:2-4).
The apostle Paul wrote: ?Do not be mismatched with unbelievers. For what partnership
is there between righteousness and lawlessness? Or what fellowship is there between light and
darkness? What agreement does Christ have with Beliar? Or what does a believer share with an
unbeliever? What agreement has the temple of God with idols? For we are the temple of the
living God; as God said, ?I will live in them and walk among them, and I will be their God, and
they shall be my people. Therefore come out from them, and be separate from them, says the
Lord, and TOUCH NOTHING UNCLEAN; then I will welcome you, and I will be your father,
and you shall be my sons and daughters, says the Lord Almighty?? (II Cor.6:14-18, NRSV).
As God?s people, we should have NO PART in the use of these perverted and demonic
symbols which have been the trademark of pagans, witches, and practitioners of the occult. That
includes both the falsely portrayed ?Star of David,? which has nothing to do with David, or the
so-called ?Christian cross,? which has nothing whatever to do with the true Christ, Yeshua the
Messiah, who died on an upright pole and not a cross!
As the apostle Paul declared, its time to repent and put away all these pagan emblems and
symbols, and become holy and pure before God. ?While God has overlooked the times of
human ignorance, now he commands all people everywhere to REPENT, because he has fixed a
day on which he will have the world judged? (Acts 17:30-31).
The apostle Jude declared, it is time we should ?earnestly contend for the faith which was
once delivered to the saints? (Jude 3, KJV). Let?s free ourselves from all such unholy influences.

The Pentacle, the symbol of Witchcraft, is a bold and fascinating statement about our place in the Universe. The pentagram represents an ancient concept that can be found in philosophical thought in both East and West. Although over 8,000 years old, the image of the pentagram is applicable in our modern world. The pentagram tells us that we have the ability to bring Spirit to Earth; this applies to every area of practical day-to-day living, as well as spiritual thought. The ability of bringing Spirit to Earth is what makes us whole.

Imagine the perfect apple, ripe and bursting with life. Sliced in half, it reveals a beautiful five-point symmetry-a star formed by the seeds inside. In fact, each of these five seeds may be seen to contain a symbolism of its own mirroring the spiritual aspects of this universal symbol: idea, sustenance, life, secret knowledge and the hidden mysteries within the earth. Why has this beautiful and potent emblem, the five-pointed star or pentagram, become such a misunderstood and stigmatized symbol in these times of re-emerging enlightenment?

In the tale of Adam and Eve, the apple signified hidden knowledge which was forbidden to human kind. Other early cultures encouraged holy and learned persons in their search for divine wisdom. For example, the Vedas state that the universe and ourselves are One, and that by realizing this and tapping into that Universal energy and state, we achieve wholeness and bliss. These concepts were known to many ancient civilizations. For most of the western culture, sacred knowledge was designated as the right of the One Deity only., It was considered heretical to study the Divine workings of the Universe. The apple signified that which we should not attempt to know, and many attempts over the centuries to obtain knowledge of the Universe (and therefore, ourselves) were suppressed. The pentagram in its modern guise as the pentacle was also a target of this subjugation.

For modern-day Pagans, the Pentacle contains many wonderful layers of symbolism. The five points symbolize the four directions with the fifth point as the sanctity of Spirit, within and without. The circle around the star symbolizes unity and wholeness. It represents the quest for Divine Knowledge, a concept which is ancient in origin and universal in scope from the earliest written ritual texts in Babylonia, to the Celts, to the Native American traditions. Similar to other figures which are made of a single unbroken line, this symbol is used to mark off magical enclosures or ritual areas, especially when used for invocation of deities or spirit.

The pentagram is one of the most powerful and popular symbols used by many Neo-Pagans, including those involved in Wicca and Ceremonial Magic. In working magic, Pagans may draw the shape of the pentagram in the air with the athame, or sacred blade, sometimes in the four directions as part of the ritual. A physical pentacle in the form of a flat disc is often the a main feature of the altar and is a widely used ritual tool. The symbol is used to decorate magickal tools or items such as a chalice, cauldron, or the handle of the athame itself. For some it represents feminine energy relating to the Goddess and may be used to bind elemental spirits of the earth as well as to hold consecrated objects such as herbs, amulets and crystals. The spoken or chanted text of a spell or invocation may be repeated five times to help insure its effectiveness. (3, 5, 7, 9 and 13 being some of the most commonly used repetitions in this context). The pentacle is worn both ornamentally and symbolically by many Pagans for protection and to signify that they are involved in the world of magick and divine wisdom.

It is interesting to note that five-fold symmetries are rarely found in non-organic life forms but are uniquely inherent to life, as in the form of the human hand, a starfish, flowers, plants and many other living things. This pattern of five exists even down to a molecular level. Five, therefore, embodies the form and formation of life, the very essence of life.

The pentagram is a very widespread sacred symbol used since ancient times in many areas including Egypt, India, Persia and Greece. Almost all cultures had a five-fold symbol, which was very important to their religious and spiritual life. The sacred nature of five, the important nature of ''five-ness'' is amply attested to in Celtic tradition from which much of modern Paganism is derived. Five appears in numerous Celtic contexts: Ireland had five great roads, five provinces and five paths of the law. The fairy folk counted by fives, and the mythological figures wore five fold cloaks.

In the ancient Irish tale, ''Cormac's Cup of Gold'', the hero ''saw a royal fortress with four houses in it, and a bright well with nine ancient hazels growing over it. In the well, were five salmon who ate the nuts that dropped from the purple hazels, and sent the husks floating down the five streams that flowed therefrom. The sound of the streams was the sweetest music...The spring was the Well of Knowledge, and the five streams the five senses through which knowledge is obtained. No one will have knowledge who drinks not a draught out of the well itself or out of the streams. Those who are skilled in many arts drink from both the well and the streams.''

In another part of the world, around 500 B.C.E.(Before Current Era) lived Pythagoras, an unparalleled scholar, teacher and leader renowned for his knowledge of arithmetic, music, government and sacred geometry. He tapped into the divine mysteries, and, like the ancient Celts, (and many Neo-Pagans) learned from and existed comfortably between both worlds.

Pythagoras set up a school where he taught many people, both male and female, who flocked to him in pursuit of divine knowledge. Unfortunately, the school was suppressed in a brutal fashion for political reasons. After this, his followers and the knowledge itself were forced underground, Pythagoreans considered the five-pointed star to be a symbol of life and of the divine human. Therefore, it became the secret sign of the pythagorean followers, ''so that they may know each other, ''

The Pythagorean schools continued on in secret and from this line of descent came the Gnostic and Hermetic Mystery Schools (which contained both men and women and were Christian to varying degrees), as well as the Masonic Guilds, expert stone-masons initiated into Mystery Schools learning which included sacred geometry. Even though the Church considered the Masons to be quite heretical, they hired them to build the most sacred structures in Europe- the great cathedrals-many of which contained pentagonal or five-fold symmetries. Parallel with Masonic culture were the alchemists of medieval Europe, scientists, philosophers and magicians, both male and female, who studied the mysteries of the Universe. These societies held onto this five-fold symbol which kept its positive, ancient attributes and signified hidden, luminous knowledge.

This ancient wisdom lived on underground through the mystery schools and other sources and continued throughout the Middle Ages up until modern times. However, because this Divine knowledge threatened the authority and power of the Church, those who pursued it and the symbols they used were severely persecuted.

The star of life, which had been a symbol of divine illumination, became stigmatized as a sign of heretical thought and eventually as something evil. These negative attributes were further reinforced by the use of the upside down pentagram by some satanic cults who are probably more ''Anti-Christians'' than ''Pagans''. as their beliefs are not those of most Neo-Pagan groups. Modern media continues to distort the meaning of the pentagram by showing it in both its upright and inverted position, yet portraying all who use it as evil.

In spite of this difficulty history, the symbol has survived, and continues to be used by those who uphold the search for divine knowledge. The sacred pentagram maintains its many wonderful and magickal ancient attributes and is still the symbol of life it has always been.

Sharynne NicMacha is a Pagan of Celtic descent and teaches workshops in beginning and Celtic paganism and music. She sings with the Moors, a pagan rock duo.

Note: Special thanks to Scott Dakota for his input and assistance in areas oif his expertise, including Pythagoras, sacred geometry, music of the spheres and Ancient Sumeria. Beannachdan!

The Pentacle, the most famous symbol of Witchcraft is a bold and fascinating statement about our place in the Universe. When the pentacle is drawn or written, the image created is called a pentagram. The pentagram represents an ancient concept that can be found in philosophical thought in both East and West. Although over 8,000 years old, the image of the pentagram is applicable in our modern world. The pentagram tells us that we have the ability to bring Spirit to Earth; this applies to every area of practical day-to-day living, as well as spiritual thought. The ability of bringing Spirit to Earth is what makes us whole.

In Craft rituals, the pentacle is a round disk inscribed with a pentagram and placed upon on the altar. The disk can be made of many different materials.

In more dangerous times, the pentacle was crafted from disposable materials such as clay or dough. To be caught in possession of a pentacle in those days could very well endanger your life.

Nowadays, pentacles are crafted in metals such as copper, brass, silver or gold. Many Witches make their own from stained glass or by etching stones or wood. The pentacle can also be personalized by adding appropriate astrological symbols, runes and other sigils (magical symbols) that have special meaning to the practitioner.

Many Witches wear a pentacle pendant or ring as a sign of their religion or as an amulet or talisman. The pentacle crafted from silver represents Moon energy and psychic forces. The same symbol made in gold represents the Sun energies of power and strength. Many pentacles come with embedded stones which can represent birth months or a particular energy that the wearer wants to attract.

During magical operations, the pentagram can be drawn in the air by the athame or sword. When drawn a certain way, it is used to either invoke or banish energies. Used on the altar, it becomes a focal point to draw in and send out the intentions of the spell or working. The simplest spells of this kind are those involving candle magic. A candle of the appropriate color is charged and place on the pentacle.

Traditionally, each of the five angles has been attributed to the five metaphysical elements of the ancients:
EARTH: (lower left hand corner) represents stability and physical endurance.
FIRE: (lower right hand corner) represents courage and daring.
WATER: (upper right hand corner) represents emotions and intuition.
AIR: (upper left hand corner) represents intelligence and the arts.
SPIRIT: (at the topmost point) represents the All and the Divine.
The Circle around the star represents the God-Goddess; it refracts and reflects all light, bringing to the wearer total intelligence, universal wisdom and protection.

The origins of the pentagram go back to remotest historical antiquity. As far back as pre-Babylonian Sumer, it has been venerated by many civilizations. To the Jewish peoples, it symbolically designated the Pentateauch, the Five Books of Moses It has survived under a variety of titles, such as ''The Druid's Root'' and ''The Witches Star''.

To the followers of Pythagoras, it was called ''The Pentalpha'' being composed of five interlaced A's or Alphas. The Alpha being the first word of the alphabet, we can perhaps view it as showing forth unity in the midst of multiplicity. The individual as part of the Whole.

To ceremonial magicians, the points can represent various elemental energies, spirits or deities.

It is the ruling of the higher mind over the lower elements of our being. It signals the awakening of cosmic consciousness and the beginnings of our own human psyche moving beyond the realms of physical form and the perceptions limited to the five senses. It allows the infinite possibilities that exist within the Universe and frees us to explore and to grow.

This becomes a graphic portrayal of Spirit ruling over the five elements. When the pentagram is placed within a circle, it's energy is focused and directed. The pentagram upright, to those of spiritual perception, represents the redemption of Spirit from matter by ruling over it.

Used inverted, with the top point pointed downward, it represents a second or third degree status in some traditional groups. Many of these groups have since substituted a triangle form for the same degrees because of the association of the inverted form of the pentacle with Satanism and black magic.

The number five is attributed to the influence of Mars. Thus some Witches think of the five pointed star within the circle as force or power contained and controlled by divine wisdom.

There is an old Moravian Christmas Carol, Morning Star. ?Morning Star, Oh cheering sight! Ere thou ''camest how dark earth?s night.? According to Dr. Richmond Meyers (Sketches of Early Bethlehem, 1981), the Moravians are the oldest Protestant denomination, predating Lutheranism. The Brotherhood of the Unitus Fratrum, or the Brethern, was founded in 1457 in Bohemia, then spread into Moravia, Poland and Germany. Jan Hus, the first Czech martyr died at the stake in 1415.
Moravians in the New World
The Moravians founded Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Their way of life was communal and they emphasized ethical and practical reform. They were missionaries and converted the local Native Americans to Christianity. They were peaceful people and Native American friendly. Morning Star was composed in America and shows both a Native American and Pennsylvania Deutsch influence.
The Leni Lenape, renamed the Delaware by the Europeans, was the tribe that lived in Bethlehem. They walked freely in the town as equals among the Moravians. If one walks in God?s Acre, the early Moravian cemetery, one sees flat tombstones representing equality and the graves of the Lenapes among those of the Moravians. There are no family plots. Graves were dug as needed. While equality was stressed, the men?s and women?s graves are separate and are divided by paths.
Morning Star, Symbol of Hope
The Morning Star is an eight pointed star and is a beneficial symbol.
The Pennsylvania Deutsch create hex signs, art within a circle with stylized symbols representing that which is desired and to protect. According to Jacob and Jane Zook, (Hexology, 1962), considered by most historians to be the experts about hex signs, the Morning Star is a symbol of a bright day, love and kindness for others. It is also represents hope. The star?s points are vertical and horizontal with the points corresponding with map inserts showing the directions.

*Struts on by doing the Egyptian dance of Libra's and drops a link on the way out the door*

Whoop, there it is!

http://www.igreekmythology.com/greek-zodiac.html

Oh and here is another one which backs a lot of information given by the original poster.

Link:

http://www.theoi.com/greek-mythology/star-myths.html