Here are four of the most commonly used substitutions
? Rosemary can be used in place of any other herb
? Rose can be used in place of any flower
? Frankincense or Copal can be used in place of any Gum Resin
? Sage can substitute for any mint
? Tobacco can be used in place of any poisonous herb
ACACIA - Gum Arabic
ACACIA GUM - Gum Arabic
ACONITE - Tobacco
ARABIC, GUM - Frankincense; Gum Mastic; Gum Tragacanth (for binding wet ingredients, not for incense use)
AMBERGRIS - Artificial Ambergris, Cypress Oil with a few drops of Pachouli Oil
AMMONIAC, GUM - Asafoetida
ASAFOETIDA -Tobacco; Valerian
BALM OF GILEAD - Rose buds; Gum Mastic
BDELLIUM GUM - Copal, Pine Resin, Dragon's Blood
BELLADONNA - Tobacco
BENZOIN - Gum Arabic; Gum Mastic
CACHANA - Angelica root
CAMPHOR OIL - Eucalyptus oil; Lavender oil
CARNATION - Rose petals anointed with a few drops Clove oil
CASSIA - Cinnamon (Cinnamon sold in the U.S. is actually less expensive cassua)
CASTOR BEAN - A few drops Castor oil
CEDAR - Sandalwood
CINQUEFOIL - Clover; Trefoil
CINTRON - Equal parts Orange peel and Lemon peel
CLOVE - Mace; Nutmeg
CLOVER - Cinquefoil
COPAL - Frankincense; Cedar
COWBANE - Tobacco
CYPRESS - Juniper; Pine needles
DITTANY OF CRETE - Gum Mastic
DRAGON'S BLOOD - Equal parts Frankincense and Red Sandalwood
EUCALYPTUS OIL - Camphor oil; Lavender oil
EUPHORBIUM - Tobacco
FRANKINCENSE - Copal, Pine Resin
GALANGAL - Ginger Root
GRAINS OF PARADISE - Black Pepper
GUM ACACIA - Gum Arabic
GUM AMMONIAC - Asafoetida
GUM ARABIC - Frankincense, Gum Mastic
GUM BDELLUM - Copal, Pine Resin, Dragon's Blood
HELLBORE - Tobacco, Nettle
HEMLOCK - Tobacco
HEMP - Nutmeg, Damiana, Star Anise, Bay
HENBANE - Tobacco
HYSSOP - Lavender
IVY - Cinquefoil
JASMINE - Rose
JUNIPER - Pine
LAVENDER - Rose
LEMONGRASS - Lemon Peel
LEMON PEEL - Lemongrass
LEMON VERBENA - Lemongrass, Lemon Peel
LODESTONE - A magnet or hematite
MACE - Nutmeg
MANDRAKE - Tobacco
MASTIC GUM - Gum Arabic, Frankincense
MISTLETOE - Mint, Sage
MUGWORT - Wormwood
NEROLI OIL - Orange Oil
NIGHTSHADE - Tobacco
NUTMEG - Mace, Cinnamon
OAKMOSS - Patchouli
ORANGE - Tangerine Peel
ORANGE FLOWERS - Orange Peel
PATCHOULI - Oakmoss
PEPPERWORT - Rue, Grains Of Paradise, Black Pepper
PINE - Juniper
PINE RESIN - Frankincense, Copal
RED SANDALWOOD - Sandalwood with a pinch of Dragon's Blood
ROSE - Yarrow
ROSE GERANIUM - Rose
RUE - Rosemary with a pinch of Black Pepper
SAFFRON - Orange Peel
SANDALWOOD - Cedar
SARSAPARILLA - Sassafras
SASSAFRASS - Sarsaparilla
SPEARMINT - Peppermint
SULFUR - Tobacco, Club Moss, Asafoetida
THYME - Rosemary
TOBACCO - Bay
TONKA BEAN - Deerstongue, Woodruff, Vanila Bean
VALERIAN - Asafoetida
VANILLA - Woodruff, Deerstongue, Tonka Bean
VETIVERT - Calamus
WOLFSBANE - Tobacco
WOOD ALOE - Sandalwood sprinkled with Ambergris Oil
WOODRUFF - Deerstongue, Vanilla
WORMWOOD - Mugwort
YARROW - Rose
YEW - Tobacco